{"id":10453,"date":"2023-01-07T10:26:00","date_gmt":"2023-01-07T07:26:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chemya.com.tr\/en\/?p=10453"},"modified":"2023-03-27T09:27:21","modified_gmt":"2023-03-27T06:27:21","slug":"damitma-distilasyon-nedir-nasil-yapilir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.chemya.com.tr\/en\/damitma-distilasyon-nedir-nasil-yapilir\/","title":{"rendered":"Dam\u0131tma (Distilasyon) Nedir? Nas\u0131l Yap\u0131l\u0131r?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Dam\u0131tma<\/strong>; en az iki s\u0131v\u0131dan olu\u015fan bile\u015fenin kaynama noktalar\u0131ndaki farklar\u0131ndan yararlanarak birbirinden ay\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemi olarak bilinmektedir. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle buhar bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131ndaki farktan olu\u015fan s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n birbiriyle ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda distilasyon<\/strong><\/a> olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu y\u00f6ntemin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131ndaki ama\u00e7; kaynama noktas\u0131 di\u011fer maddeden fazla olan\u0131n s\u0131v\u0131 fazda tutularak kaynama noktas\u0131 az olan di\u011fer maddeyi gaz faz haline getirmektir. B\u00f6ylelikle kaynama noktas\u0131 fazla olan s\u0131v\u0131 faza, az olan\u0131 ise gaz faza d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmektir. Dam\u0131tmay\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in temel \u015fartlardan birisi, dengelenmi\u015f duruma gelen buhar ve s\u0131v\u0131dan, buhar faz\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131v\u0131 faza g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 bile\u015fimlere sahip olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fidir. E\u011fer buhar ve gaz s\u0131v\u0131 fazlar\u0131n\u0131n bile\u015fimleri ayn\u0131 seviyede olursa dam\u0131tma i\u015fleminde yeterli ayr\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dam\u0131tma i\u015flemine \u201cdistilasyon<\/strong>\u201d da demekteyiz. Dam\u0131tma y\u00f6nteminin temel kurallar\u0131ndan birisi de ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmak istenilen t\u00fcm bile\u015fenlerin u\u00e7ucu \u00f6zelli\u011finde olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Yani ay\u0131rmaya y\u00fcksek oranda imk\u00e2n tan\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir ifadeyle iki farkl\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131 birbirinden ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman daha az u\u00e7ucu olan yani kaynama noktas\u0131 y\u00fcksek olan maddenin de bir k\u0131sm\u0131 gaz faza \u00e7evrilmektedir. Fakat bu oran, en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyede olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bununla beraber dam\u0131tma i\u015flemine maruz kalan t\u00fcm bile\u015fenler, u\u00e7ucu olmak zorundad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda y\u00fcksek oranda ay\u0131rmaya elveri\u015fli olmal\u0131d\u0131r.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dam\u0131tma sistemi<\/strong>; en az iki olmak suretiyle ikiden fazla maddenin s\u0131v\u0131 ve gaz faz olu\u015fturmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. U\u00e7uculu\u011fu y\u00fcksek bile\u015fenlerden zengin kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m elde edilmesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Dam\u0131tma<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dam\u0131tma (Distilasyon) Nedir?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

En az iki veya daha fazla bile\u015fenden olu\u015fan bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n \u0131s\u0131t\u0131larak buhar ve s\u0131v\u0131 faz elde edinmek suretiyle u\u00e7ucu bile\u015fen a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zengin kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n elde edilmesini ama\u00e7layan bir ay\u0131rma sistemidir. Dam\u0131tma nedir<\/strong>, sorusuna bu a\u00e7\u0131klamayla beraber cevap verebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dam\u0131tma y\u00f6ntemi 3 farkl\u0131 duruma ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlar: Bile\u015fenlerin kaynama noktalar\u0131nda olu\u015fan farklar\u0131na, deri\u015fimlerine yani kaynama karakteristi\u011fine ve son olarak da buhar bas\u0131nc\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle laboratuvarlarda \u00e7ok s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan bir y\u00f6ntemdir. Bunun yan\u0131nda sanayide de farkl\u0131 i\u015flemler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Son zamanlarda deniz suyunun tuzundan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma i\u015flemi ile i\u00e7ime uygun hale gelmesinde tercih edilmektedir. Sanayi art\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n sular\u0131 kirletmesine sorununda da uygulanmaktad\u0131r. Bu da \u00e7evrenin korunmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan bir uygulamad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece pek \u00e7ok alanda dam\u0131tma sistemi uygulanabilir hale gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dam\u0131tma (distilasyon) y\u00f6ntemi<\/strong>, s\u0131v\u0131la\u015fan havan\u0131n ayr\u0131msal dam\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131nda da kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyelerde s\u0131v\u0131la\u015fan havan\u0131n i\u00e7indeki gazlar dam\u0131t\u0131larak hepsinin ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 elde edilmesi sa\u011flan\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda roketlerdeki hareket mekanizmas\u0131ndaki s\u0131v\u0131 oksijen de bu y\u00f6ntemle elde edilmektedir. Asetilin gibi patlay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zellik ta\u015f\u0131yan gazlar\u0131n birikimini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in de tercih edilmektedir. Petrol sanayisinde de dam\u0131tma geni\u015f bir yer tutar. Farkl\u0131 \u00f6zellikteki akaryak\u0131tlar\u0131n ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda uygulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Distilasyon; iki veya daha fazla s\u0131v\u0131dan olu\u015fan bile\u015fenin kaynama noktalar\u0131ndaki farklar\u0131ndan yararlanarak birbirinden ay\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemi olarak bilinir. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle buhar bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131ndaki farktan olu\u015fan s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n birbiriyle ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucunda yap\u0131lan bir y\u00f6ntemdir.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Dam\u0131tma<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dam\u0131tma Y\u00f6ntemleri Nelerdir?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Distilasyon i\u015flemi i\u00e7in d\u00f6rt farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntem kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bunlar aras\u0131nda s\u0131ras\u0131yla:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Basit dam\u0131tma,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Su buhar\u0131 dam\u0131tmas\u0131,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Ayr\u0131msal dam\u0131tma,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Vakum dam\u0131tmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Dam\u0131tma (distilasyon) k\u0131sacas\u0131, en az iki veya daha fazla maddenin kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n birbirinden ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in uygulaman bir y\u00f6ntemdir. Bu y\u00f6nteminde temel prensibi ise s\u0131v\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki kaynama noktalar\u0131nda olu\u015fan farklardan yola \u00e7\u0131karak bile\u015fenleri birbirinden ay\u0131rmakt\u0131r. Kaynama noktalar\u0131ndaki farklar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck veya y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131na g\u00f6re dam\u0131tma y\u00f6ntemleri de \u00e7e\u015fitlilik g\u00f6sterir. Homojen olan s\u0131v\u0131 cinsindeki kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n, u\u00e7uculuk farklar\u0131ndan faydalanarak buhar ve s\u0131v\u0131 konusunda, buhar\u0131n s\u0131v\u0131dan farkl\u0131 bir bile\u015fime sahip olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Basit Dam\u0131tma<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Basit dam\u0131tma (distilasyon)<\/strong>, kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lan maddelerin kaynama noktalar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki farklar\u0131n olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir y\u00f6ntemdir. Bu sayede kaynama noktas\u0131 farklar\u0131 fazla olan s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6ncelikli olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Dam\u0131tmay\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in temel \u015fartlardan birisi, dengelenmi\u015f duruma gelen buhar ve s\u0131v\u0131dan, buhar faz\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131v\u0131 faza g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 bile\u015fimlere sahip olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fidir. E\u011fer buhar ve gaz s\u0131v\u0131 fazlar\u0131n\u0131n bile\u015fimleri ayn\u0131 seviyede olursa dam\u0131tma i\u015fleminde yeterli ayr\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ayr\u0131msal Dam\u0131tma<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Ayr\u0131msal dam\u0131tma (distilasyon)<\/strong>, maddelerin kaynama noktalar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki farklar\u0131n \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyede olmas\u0131 halinde safla\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015flemi olarak uygulanan bir y\u00f6ntemdir. \u00d6zellikle sanayi alan\u0131nda petrol sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Sabit kaynama noktas\u0131na sahip olan bile\u015fenlere, azeotropik kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar da denir. B\u00f6yle bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mdaki bile\u015fenleri birbirinden ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in de ayr\u0131msal dam\u0131tma y\u00f6ntemi uygulan\u0131r.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
    \"Dam\u0131tma<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Su Dam\u0131tma Sistemi Nas\u0131l \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Dam\u0131tma sistemi, \u00f6zellikle de organik kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n safla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda ve ayr\u0131lmas\u0131nda tercih edilen bir y\u00f6ntemdir. Kaynama noktas\u0131nda bulunan s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n ilave \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artmaz fakat verilen ilave \u0131s\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n buharla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r. S\u0131v\u0131daki s\u0131cakl\u0131k, s\u0131v\u0131n\u0131n tamamen buharla\u015fmas\u0131 sa\u011flanana kadar hi\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015fmeyerek sabit kal\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle buhar bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131 birbirinden farkl\u0131 olan s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n birbirinden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Dam\u0131tma (distilasyon) y\u00f6ntemi \u00f6zellikle sanayide:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • G\u0131da,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Petrol,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Parf\u00fcm,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Eczac\u0131l\u0131k,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Kimya,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Alkoll\u00fc i\u00e7kiler gibi farkl\u0131 alanlarda uygulan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Uygulamam\u0131n tarihine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z zaman binlerce y\u0131l \u00f6nceye kadar uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Parf\u00fcm \u00fcretimi ile ba\u015flayan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemeliyiz.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      M.\u00d6. 2. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Mezopotamya uygarl\u0131klar\u0131ndan olan S\u00fcmerler\u2019in tabletinde belirtildi\u011fine g\u00f6re, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk kimyac\u0131s\u0131 kabul edilen Tapputi Belstekallim\u2019dir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda kad\u0131n parf\u00fcmc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak da tan\u0131n\u0131r. Tapputi\u2019nin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilen ilk dam\u0131t\u0131m i\u015flemi ise distilasyondur. Dam\u0131tma i\u015flemine g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fken kaynama noktalar\u0131 bulunur. \u00d6rne\u011fin su 100 derecede, alkol ise 78.3 derecede kaynay\u0131p buharla\u015f\u0131r. Bu yap\u0131da, dam\u0131tma i\u015fleminin merkezinde likitin \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 yatar. Homojen olan s\u0131v\u0131 cinsindeki kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n, u\u00e7uculuk farklar\u0131ndan faydalanmaktad\u0131r. Buhar ve s\u0131v\u0131 konusunda, buhar\u0131n s\u0131v\u0131dan farkl\u0131 bir bile\u015fime sahip olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Dam\u0131tma, su veya s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n belirli bir s\u0131cakl\u0131k aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda buharla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak ula\u015f\u0131lmak istenen safl\u0131k seviyesine getirilmesi i\u015flemidir. Bu i\u015flem, s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli maddelerinden ar\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Genellikle laboratuvar ortamlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Dam\u0131tma i\u015flemi, s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulunan maddelerin molek\u00fcler yap\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6sterir. Bu nedenle dam\u0131tma i\u015fleminin nas\u0131l yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 konusunda detayl\u0131 bilgiye ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmaktad\u0131r. Bu i\u015flem, s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n safla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ayr\u0131ca s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerinin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi ve analiz edilmesi i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131labilir. Dam\u0131tma i\u015flemi, \u00e7e\u015fitli sekt\u00f6rlerde kullan\u0131lan bir tekniktir. Bu nedenle dam\u0131tma ile ilgili bilgi sahibi olmak, \u00e7e\u015fitli alanlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir.  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Dam\u0131tma; en az iki s\u0131v\u0131dan olu\u015fan bile\u015fenin kaynama noktalar\u0131ndaki farklar\u0131ndan yararlanarak birbirinden ay\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemi olarak bilinmektedir. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle buhar bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131ndaki farktan olu\u015fan s\u0131v\u0131lar\u0131n birbiriyle ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda distilasyon olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntemin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131ndaki ama\u00e7; kaynama noktas\u0131 di\u011fer maddeden fazla olan\u0131n s\u0131v\u0131 fazda tutularak kaynama noktas\u0131 az olan di\u011fer maddeyi gaz faz […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10469,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nDam\u0131tma (Distilasyon) Nedir? 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